I've used Lenovo x280 at work for 3 years now, without problems.
I decided to buy a spare one, if that fails.
Got one with exactly same specs, but immediately noticed that the display is much brighter. Well, turns out that after 3-4 hours of use my eyes were completely bloodshot and after one night, still very irritated.
So this confirms yet again: The source of the problem can be the display, even if there is no PWM. Or it can be the device driving the display. I did not try this with my external screen, but since it is the same hardware and software otherwise, I of course would expect that it would not produce eye strain with my HP external screen.
But since this panel seems to be otherwise similar, only the colors are brighter and the luminance is higher, it is really mind-boggling what is the reason this particular panel is irritating.
I had ditherig activated, but it has never made a difference for me.