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Do you have a setting for RGB Full/limited on your U2413? Most of what you write sounds like a problem with peak brightness. Via HDMI you can change this in the driver and some(not all) monitors you can also change it in the monitor.
A story about eye strain on Ubuntu with Nvidia GT 1030
On U2413 I use Full RGB. I can't change it on the monitor, but I could set it to Limited in the Nvidia control panel if I use HDMI. But Full RGB is ok for my eyes. But, as I said I use DVI on Ubuntu which makes my eyes feel ok. I really hope this lasts a long time.
In general, what I found is that setting range to Limited does help a lot! Previously, with ViewSonic monitor, I used HDMI with Limited RGB and the relief on the eyes was instant. So I can confirm what you mentioned. Limited helps a lot. If you can do with a whiter image.
But I don't know anymore what is going on. In the last two years I purchased 4 monitors and returned 3, 4 Nvidia graphics cards (2 different GT 1030, GT 730, Quadro T600), a bucket full of cables and adapters … I can't believe how much money I wasted just to be able to look at the screen. I tried so many combinations but still I cannot say what is going on. I can't even give solid advice to people with the same problem. I used to think that TN monitors would help. But they don't! Then that older Nvidia GPU would help. Well, I don't really know. I have a very old 8400 GS and on DVI I get the same result as on Quadro T600 with a mDP->DVI adapter. Both on Ubuntu and Windows 10. A very old ATI FireGL also didn't make a difference.
brjdenis In June i changed my setup, i was able to do everything for 10-14 hours at my old setup, now i am happy to do my work for 8 hours without super hard pain. I have now 4 monitors, but it all didnt help. Getting back my old GPU back is impossible and buying a "new old" is super expensive for some reason(200+€ for old GPUs…). I used an old AMD card, which was super ok in combination with my 14 y old LG TN Panel(contrast setting was low).
New monitors are so superbright in peak. White is like a knife in my eyes. Old monitor is giving me nausea but it white is much smoother. I chose the new monitor, because nausea is even worse for me than eye pain. I now with the help of what i learned on this forum able to work 8h and watch TV again(RGB limited, super resolution). My worklaptop is usable even without these workarounds.
I think manufacterers may do some stuff, that is stressful to the eyes, but they dont know it is stressful, like compression of videosignals or agressive dithering. They dont know, because most people wont notice the difference. GPUs are clearly doing something very different than from 5 years ago.
In regard to brightness, I agree that modern monitors are way too bright. The U2413 has 350cd/m2 at 100% brightness and about 120 cd/m2 at 20% which is still too bright for me. I usually need below 100 cd/m2. And I don't work in a dark room. And monitors are always calibrated at some very high brightness, so if you use very low brightness you get a bad picture. I searched for "low brightness" monitors, but I didn't find anything good.
My opinion on manufacturers. I know there is a petition out on this page to signal the manufacturers that some people have problems with eye strain. The problem I see is that it is impossible for regular users to define the technical cause. The only solution I see is: we either categorize types of eye/head problems and draw up a list of acceptable monitors/GPUs etc. or we wait till developers modernize their desktops and hopefully stumble upon this issue themselves.
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brjdenis eizo Monitors go down to 1 cd/m2. I have an eizo ev2460 and an eizo ev2495. I use the ev2495 at 30-40 cd/m2. Its still too bright sometimes but it can go lower. Perhaps you can find a used one without White LED? They arent cheap but good. Prad.de tested alot of them. It is german but autotranslate…
Down below brightness for my ev2495
brjdenis thing is i dont know what my symptom are. Win10+6600xt+ev2495 nausea. Win11 elimated the nausea. But what did give me nausea? Driver Problem? Is win11 rendering different. At the same time win10 on my wotklaptop with ev2495 as external screen is nauseafree & white is less stressful. Pwm seems to be ok for my eyes, but dithering is like ants in my eyes.
I have bought and returned 15 Devices. Sony OLED i returned but Amazon didnt pay me back… i am sure are checking my history 
Manufacterers only test things they can measure, like contrast or flicker. Dont think they will start measuring eye health or brain issues. 
Windows 11 is not causing problems for you? I was thinking of upgrading to Windows 10, but it may be better for me to purchase Windows 11 license and do the installation from scratch.
Do you have the feeling that Windows 11 is less irritating for the eyes than Windows 10? Was is just nausea or did you have red eyes as well, that is burning sensation, dryness etc.?
brjdenis but it may be better for me to purchase Windows 11 license and do the installation from scratch.
If you just want to try Windows 11, you don't need to pay, it can be used indefinitely without buying a license -- there are some limitations around personalization but it should be good enough to see if it causes eyestrain.
brjdenis Yes win11 is less irritating to my eyes. I did the installation with my win10 cd key. I had: Nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, red eye, Pain in the back of my eye(like a cramp), my eyes started twitching of every source of light, i used eyedrops 5 times a day and it still was very dry.
Now i have normal eyestrain, using eyedrops 2-3 times a day. Still not perfect, but much much better. No nausea and no diarrhea.
You can install without a key and just test it for a few days. With an usb stick it is a very fast installation 
3 months later
An update. I got my hands on a used monitor, HP LP2475w. And it works great with Linux (Pop!_OS) and Nvidia GT 1030 on DVI cable. No eye strain (no red eyes).
These combinations are also fine:
- GT 730 + DVI + Linux/Windows 10
- GT 1030 + DP + Windows 10
- Nvidia T600 + DP + Windows 10
For some reason, Nvidia T600 is great with DP + Windows 10, but not with Linux, not even with DP->DVI adapter.
This monitor has an 8 bit panel, and should work well with GT 1030. And it also has CCFL backlighting which I know is better for my eyes than LED. The only drawback is perhaps that brightness 0 is still too bright for a dark room.
No need to get a 11 key. I've used the same 7 key on 10 and 11 on the same machine.
4 months later
Fakir35 Hi, there are combinations with GPU and this monitor that don't work. I really don't know if I can recommend it. I tried so many different combinations and nothing is really perfect. I don't know. And yes, the monitor is bright which is something I don't like. Take into account that it is not only the monitor, but also the GPU that causes eye strain, burning etc.
Thank you for your feedback. I used combination with AMD Radeon 6600 with Asus VG249Q1A (IPS) also Benq Zowie XL2411K (TN), for both of them,results were horrific. Both of monitors caused me burning eyes and eye sting in after looking 15-20 minutes. Besides any problem of i could not find not much a user complaint (maybe i couldnt search many platform) till i discovered this site (at least i feel i'm not alone ). I dunno know how many monitors should i try?
However, i used my laptop (casper excalibur g650) which screen size 15.6 inch, brightness level is 300 cd/m², coated with antiglare on screen, (IPS Panel) and GPU, GTX 1050 for 4 years. There was no problem with eyes while i spent time more than few hours. But now i can not look more than 15-20 minutes?? and which item cause it? Displays or GPU's?
Fakir35 In my experience it's graphics drivers. There are many configurations which are comfortable for me on Win10/11, but Linux is a no-go. Using XCFE (without a compositor) helps and is usable for me but not nearly as comfortable as Windows.
I can dual boot, use Win11 for many hours, then when I switch to, say, gnome or KDE on the same hardware, my eyes start burning in 20 minutes or so and the effects last a day.
What was your GPU Hardware? I read via forum most of people annoying modern GPU's (like RTX 3060 or similar specs) due to eye strain caused by it but no issue with older technology (GTX 1050 e.g.) i dont get it. Also i got same experience. Now im using RX6600 and i'm in eye strain discomfort with it especially during games but i was no problem GTX 1050. However GTX 1050 is weak for todays games.
brjdenis Take into account that it is not only the monitor, but also the GPU that causes eye strain, burning etc.
I think you may right
Fakir35 I've used Intel UHD, Newer AMD integrated graphics (amdgpu driver). I've used Linux for hours and days on end in the past, but somewhere around 2013 it just stopped being comfortable so I switched to Mac at the time.
Strangely enough, raspberry pi (I think using the fbdev driver) is comfortable to look at for a long time. I might have to see if using fbdev with other graphics hardware works well enough.
10 days later
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Recently I purchased another used monitor, this time with a glossy surface:
Asus VN289H, glossy 27 inch MVA panel with FHD resolution
Running it on Ubuntu, Nvidia T600 and HDMI (via mDP->HDMI adapter). Its looks good. No eye burning. Adjusted brightness and contrast to a lower level as usual.
Running it on AMD RX 550 causes a bit more stress, but not that much.
Im thinking now that anti-glare coatings may also have something to do with my eye burning problem. My old laptop had a glossy surface and caused no eye strain, the U2413 had a semi-glossy surface and caused very little strain.