Not so much about dithering, but Linux eye strain in general: I found this 3 years old post in the MacBook thread: https://discussions.apple.com/message/24447115#message24447115
User mvanier believes DRI (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure) could possibly be a source of eye strain in Linux. I think he may be right. Since I get eye strain not only inside Xorg but with some (all?) KMS drivers also in tty consoles, the Kernel module drm (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager) which also interacts with DRI might play a part, too. I don't know how to disable any of them. Some drivers, like nvidia, have options to disable GPU acceleration, but even then DRI is still being used. If anyone knows how to work around this, please share.
By the way, did anyone notice any relief after turning off NVIDIA or nouveau dithering? I didn't feel a change...