caboy I would think PWM is used in every LED-backlit device with the exception of more recent devices that feature DC dimming, but I am not an expert.
caboy When I upgraded my work Macbook to Monterey
A similar thing happened to me with a Mac Mini. I was forced to upgrade the OS, if I recall correctly from High Sierra to Catalina, and my eyes began frying. I installed a Windows partition and I had zero problem. Back to Mac environment, the pain would return instantly. Excruciating and long lasting.
caboy I think it can be built into the graphics card also.
I have been keeping an eye open for any change in my settings following a Windows update. The graphics card drivers have remained the same as prior to the onset of the symptoms. There might be something finer that changed and I cannot detect, though. If someone has any tip on what to look out for, please share. Thanks.