AshX Sorry for the delay! I finally had a chance to test it.
At 100% brightness, Lupin shows modulation around 4%. While that might seem minor, IPS screens without PWM usually stay in the 0–1% range — so 4% is a bit high.
Then, I reduced the brightness to about 30% (5 bars on the MacBook brightness scale), and Lupin shows around 1%, which is within normal levels.
For comparison, I get similar results on my MacBook Pro i5 (2020), which doesn’t show any flicker at any brightness level.
I also took some photos of the results, but I'm not sure how to share them here.
Specs of the MacBook Air:
Chip: M2
RAM: 16GB
Storage: 512GB
Color: Polarstern
macOS: Sonoma (planning to update to Sequoia and will report if anything changes)