Was temporal dithering (known as "surface dithering" in the Android system) disabled in your fork of Android 13 to prevent the additional subpixel flicker that affects newer Android devices?
If not, y'all need persist.sys.use_dithering=0
in your build.prop to disable it 😉
Temporal dithering is when display drivers, usually by default, are configured to flash between two similar colors over and over again to try to approximate an "in-between color" in order to fake "smoother" color transitions in photos, gradients, transparency, and shadow effects, in addition to inducing flicker and "shimmer" on the grayscale edges of pretty much all antialiased text (because of the many shades of gray present at edges of text).
Temporal dithering can exist in different forms both at the GPU/OS level (the aforementioned "surface dithering" Android feature) — and at the LCD panel level (known as FRC/Frame Rate Control)
This unfortunate tactic is used on pretty much all modern iOS and Mac devices, and most importantly, I'm pretty sure is also the display driver default on recent Android versions such as 13.
For example, my PWM-free iPhone SE 2 still has extremely annoying temporal dithering flicker to my eyes when looking at a static page, compared to my old iPhone 6 that appears much more comfortable, still, and honestly more beautiful. I also own an iPhone 5 with iOS 6 that appears entirely still.
Because of this pixel-level flicker, the SE 2 is not a comfortable device to use despite not showing obvious backlight flicker on a slow motion camera.
E-ink devices are usually immune to this as they simply don't refresh when a static page is being displayed, but given that your display is a 60fps RLCD, it's extremely important that this additional source of pixel flicker is verified not to be present in your version of Android.
For me and many other members of this forum, devices that utilize heavy temporal dithering — even with a PWM-free backlight — can sometimes cause just as much (or more) eye strain and reading difficulties as devices that use PWM dimming.
Let me know if your team has already been aware of this 🙂